Professional Reference articles are written by UK doctors and are based on research evidence, UK and European Guidelines. They are designed for health professionals to use, so you may find the language more technical than the .This is a notifiable disease in the UK. See the Notifiable Diseases article for more detail.Salmonella spp. are bacteria which cause one of the most common forms of food poisoning worldwide. There are over 2,500 different types of Salmonella spp. but most produce a similar clinical picture to other forms of infective gastroenteritis.Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi can also cause systemic infection as described in the separate Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever article.Numerous serotypes of Salmonella spp. exist. Serogroups A to E are the ones that usually cause disease in humans. Serogroups B, C and D are responsible for most infections. Salmonella enteritidis is serogroup D and is the most common cause of salmonella gastroenteritis. The other epidemiologically important species is Salmonella typhimurium.

Their pathogenicity is conferred due to the ability to invade intestinal mucosa and produce toxins.See also separate Traveller's Diarrhoea, Gastroenteritis in Adults and Older Children and Gastroenteritis in Children articles.The Health Protection Agency (HPA) - now part of Public Health England - reported 14,465 cases of all salmonella in the year 2000, which had dropped by 2015 to 8451. The majority of cases are S. enteritidis. The highest rate of infection is in children, especially infants. Infection with Salmonella spp. is a possible cause of traveller's diarrhoea.The reduction over recent years of S. enteritidis infections was mainly due to a reduction in infection with phage type PT4 and this may relate to poultry vaccination and less importing of eggs from abroad. The Lion Scheme introduced in 1998 involved poultry vaccination and marking of eggs from vaccinated hens.In 2016, an expert group, set up by the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food (ACMSF), to look at egg safety, found there has been a reduction in the risk from salmonella in UK shell eggs, suggesting that raw and runny eggs are now safe for even vulnerable people to eat.

[4] This report is currently in draft stage whilst undergoing consultation.Worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimate that tens of millions of human cases occur every year and the disease results in more than hundred thousand deaths.Assessment for dehydration is covered in the separate Gastroenteritis in Adults and Older Children and Gastroenteritis in Children articles.Diagnosis is by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and confirmed by culturing the organism from the stool.A stool culture is not always necessary. It is advisable to send a stool culture for a person with diarrhoea if:[7]When sending a stool sample include information about recent travel, infectious contacts, possible food sources and clinical features. Where food poisoning with salmonella is confirmed, the local health protection team should be notified.The basis of management is rehydration. Assess for features of rehydration or shock and, where present, consider hospital admission. This is not usually required.

This can usually be achieved by the oral route but, in more severe cases, intravenous fluids may be needed. Age-specific information on advice regarding rehydration is covered in the separate Gastroenteritis in Adults and Older Children and Gastroenteritis in Children articles.sliding door wardrobe canadaRacecadotril is an intestinal antisecretory enkephalinase inhibitor that inhibits the breakdown of endogenous enkephalins.car window repair bakersfieldIt reduces the hypersecretion of water and electrolytes into the intestine. garage door opener europeIt is licensed for the complementary symptomatic treatment of acute diarrhoea in children (aged over 3 months) together with oral rehydration and the usual support measures (dietary advice and increased daily fluid intake), when these measures alone are insufficient to control the clinical condition. 5 door corsa for sale sheffield

It is not recommended for use within NHS Scotland for the treatment of acute diarrhoea in children because there is insufficient evidence that it improves the recovery rate.These should not be used routinely but may be occasionally considered for adults:When used, loperamide is the antimotility agent of choice. garage door keypad safeIt should not be used if features suggest a possible differential diagnosis of:Antibiotics are not recommended for healthy individuals with salmonella infection. cost of replacing upvc door handleA Cochrane review showed no benefit for otherwise healthy individuals.sliding barn door ebayConsider the use of antibiotics if the person:Where an antibiotic is indicated, use ciprofloxacin 500 mg bd for one day only (assuming the stool result confirms sensitivity).

Cefotaxime is an alternative.For work or school the exclusion period should be 48 hours from the last episode of vomiting or diarrhoea.Advise about other hygiene methods to help prevent spread, such as:In common with other causes of gastroenteritis, complications include:Also rarely with salmonella, systemic invasion occurs with bacterial seeding elsewhere causing infection of:Most people recover uneventfully. Death following salmonella infection is uncommon and results from complications such as dehydration or systemic invasion. Those most at risk are the elderly and infants. Globally, it has been estimated that non-typhoidal salmonella causes 150,000 deaths each year, of which 1600 occur in Western Europe.Prevention requires measures at all stages of the food chain, from agricultural production to domestic preparation of food, as well as advice to travellers. A national surveillance scheme oversees salmonella infection rates and patterns.For the general public at home and when travelling abroad, advise them to: